What are the hallmark symptoms of heart failure as described in the chapter?

The hallmark symptoms of heart failure include dyspnea, fatigue, orthopnea, and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea. Other symptoms may include exercise intolerance, peripheral edema, and weight gain due to fluid retention.

Dyspnea is the most common symptom, often exacerbated by exertion, while orthopnea occurs when lying down and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea involves sudden shortness of breath during sleep. Fatigue, particularly muscular fatigue, is also prevalent, along with signs of fluid retention such as peripheral edema and weight gain. These symptoms reflect the heart's inability to pump effectively, leading to congestion and reduced blood flow to tissues.