Basic Concepts of Psychiatric–Mental Health Nursing
Unknown
Eighth Edition
Questions & Answers from this book
Questions and answers are connected to the referenced book and its available source material.
Chapter 3: Development of Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing Theory
What was the significance of Hildegard E. Peplau's book 'Interpersonal Relations in Nursing' published in 1952?
According to the source, Peplau's interpersonal theory, which dates from 1952, was significant because it helped bring about theory-based psychiatric-mental health nursing practice. It was seen as revolutionary for emphasizing the give-and-take of the nurse-client relationship, and it rejected the idea that clients passively receive treatment while nurses passively follow doctors' orders.
How did the theoretical frameworks of Freud, Sullivan, Skinner, Bowen, and Erikson influence the development of psychiatric nursing theory?
The theoretical frameworks of Freud, Sullivan, Skinner, Bowen, and Erikson influenced psychiatric nursing by shifting attention away from a purely medical model and toward a knowledge base that could guide nursing practice. Freud directed nurses to focus on human behavior, sexual development, and defense mechanisms; Sullivan taught that humans are social beings whose relationships can cause stress and anxiety; Skinner showed that interventions can change thoughts, feelings, and behavior; Bowen helped nurses understand individual and family behaviors as interrelated; and Erikson emphasized that personality development continues across the entire lifespan.
Chapter 4: Spiritual, Cultural, and Ethnic Issues
What are culture-bound syndromes and how do they relate to mental distress in specific cultures?
Culture-bound syndromes are recurrent, locality-specific patterns of aberrant behavior and troubling experience that are prominent in folk belief and practice and that fall outside conventional Western psychiatric diagnostic categories. They relate to mental distress because specific cultures may express emotional distress through these syndromes, such as describing it as physical problems or culturally recognized conditions. Examples include susto in Latin American cultures, ghost sickness among American Indian tribes, and hwa-byung in Korea.
What is the cause of susto according to the text?
According to the text, susto is caused by a frightening event that makes the soul leave the body, leading to unhappiness and sickness.
Chapter 5: Ethical and Legal Issues
What was the significance of the Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California case for psychiatric-mental health nursing?
The Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California case established that psychiatric-mental health clinicians, including nurses, have a legal duty to warn identified potential victims when a client makes a credible threat of harm. This duty takes precedence over the duty to protect client confidentiality, under the principle that the protective privilege ends where public peril begins. The case refocused psychiatric tort law, reshaped psychiatric practice, and altered relationships between clinicians and public authorities. Nurses must understand that duty-to-warn standards vary by state and be familiar with the laws in their own jurisdictions.
What are the differences between the pleas of diminished capacity, not guilty by reason of insanity, and guilty but mentally ill?
Diminished capacity applies when mental impairment such as mental retardation prevents the defendant from forming the specific mental state required for a crime, so the defendant is usually convicted of a lesser offense like manslaughter. Not guilty by reason of insanity applies when a mental disease such as delusional disorder was present at the time of the act, resulting in acquittal. Guilty but mentally ill applies when the person has a psychiatric disorder such as pyromania, substance abuse, or a sexual offense; the crime occurred because of the illness, but the person is still held responsible for the behavior.
How does the text define malpractice and negligence, and what is the distinction between them?
The text defines negligence as conduct that falls below the standard of care established by law for the protection of others and involves an unreasonable risk of harm to a client. Malpractice is a type of negligence that applies only to professionals, such as licensed nurses. Thus, the key distinction is that malpractice is professional negligence, while negligence is the broader concept.
Chapter 6: Forensic Nursing Practice
What are the three areas encompassed by the scope of forensic nursing practice according to the ANA and IAFN?
The three areas are: application of nursing-related sciences, including biopsychosocial education, to public or legal proceedings; application of the forensic aspects of health care in scientific investigation; and treatment of trauma or death victims and perpetrators (or alleged perpetrators) of abuse, violence, criminal activity, and traumatic accidents.
What are the functions of a forensic nurse during the investigation of a violent crime, as illustrated in the BTK killer case?
During the BTK killer investigation, forensic nurse functions included collecting evidential material for law enforcement or medical examiners, scientifically investigating the deaths of known victims, providing crisis intervention for family or friends of the victims, interacting with grieving families or friends, and offering expert witness testimony about the client's violent behavior.
Chapter 7: Loss, Grief, and End-of-Life Care
What is the difference between anticipatory grief and disenfranchised grief?
Anticipatory grief occurs before an expected loss or death, allowing people to prepare and finish unfinished business. Disenfranchised grief occurs when a person's grief is not acknowledged or supported by their social network, or when they are excluded from grief rituals.
What are the four categories of manifestations of suffering at the end of life, and what are examples of each?
The four categories of manifestations of suffering at the end of life are behavioral, physical, spiritual, and emotional. Behavioral examples include avoidance, controlling, and distancing; physical examples include fatigue, impaired sleep, confusion or delirium, pain, and weight changes; spiritual examples include verbalizing hopelessness, emptiness, or meaninglessness; emotional examples include anger, anxiety, depression, guilt, and emotional outbursts.
What are the key components of the Dying Person's Bill of Rights?
The Dying Person's Bill of Rights states that a dying person has the right to be treated as a living human being, maintain hope, express feelings about approaching death, participate in care decisions, receive comfort-focused attention, not die alone, be free from pain, receive honest answers, have family help with acceptance, die in peace with dignity, retain individuality, explore spiritual experiences, and be cared for by sensitive, knowledgeable people, with bodily sanctity respected after death.
Chapter 8: Continuum of Care
What are the six subroles of the psychiatric–mental health nurse in a therapeutic relationship as described by Peplau?
The six subroles of the psychiatric–mental health nurse in a therapeutic relationship, according to Peplau's interpersonal theory, are nurse–teacher, mother surrogate, technical nurse, nurse–manager, socializing agent, and counselor or nurse–therapist.
What are the key behaviors or symptoms that indicate a low, moderate, or high risk of suicide according to Table 31-1?
According to Table 31-1, low suicide risk involves mild anxiety and depression, some feelings of isolation without withdrawal, fairly good daily functioning, several available resources and significant others, constructive coping, and only vague or fleeting suicidal thoughts with no plan. Moderate risk includes moderate anxiety and depression, some helplessness, hopelessness, and withdrawal, moderately good functioning in only some areas, few resources or significant others, some destructive coping, and frequent suicidal thoughts with occasional ideas about a plan. High risk is marked by high or panicked anxiety, severe depression, complete hopelessness, helplessness, withdrawal, and self-deprecation, poor functioning in any activities, few or no resources or significant others, predominantly destructive coping, unstable lifestyle, continual substance abuse, multiple high-lethality previous attempts, marked disorganization and hostility, and frequent or constant thoughts with a specific plan.
What is deinstitutionalization and how has it contributed to the current problems of the seriously and persistently mentally ill?
Deinstitutionalization is the process by which large numbers of psychiatric-mental health clients were discharged from public psychiatric facilities over the last 40 years, with more than 90% of state hospital beds eliminated since 1960. It contributed to current problems of the seriously and persistently mentally ill because these clients were sent into communities that often lacked adequate services, and many were unable to navigate community living due to cognitive impairments such as frontal lobe pathology, poor executive function, severe memory deficits, or impaired social cognition. As a result, many became homeless, incarcerated, or inappropriately placed in nursing homes.
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